Writing Tips

So why is it so difficult? Well the thing is, inspiration rarely comes with an audit trail. Even informal conversations between groups of writers in the bar – away from the pressure of a stage, microphone and audience – will often show that we rarely know where our ideas come from. They just appear. And if we knew exactly where they did come from, we’d all be camping there, armed with a notepad and a Dictaphone.
The question “Where do you get your inspiration from?” can be deceptively overwhelming. For a start, what is the questioner actually looking for? A general feel for what we are doing when the magic comes? A curiosity about what led to some specific choices that you have made? Or are they a writer themselves, perhaps seeking guidance on where they too can find and bottle some of that wondrous elixir?
That’s not to say we can’t necessarily relate the genesis of a specific idea – the theme for a book or an individual character may well be born of a particular event or person that we met or read about.
For example, my daily commute once involved driving along a wide, flat, open road across the edge of the Cambridgeshire Fens. Looking around me, the surrounding farmland seemed to stretch endlessly and on a quiet morning it was desolate and lonely. One day, the morning news bulletin on the radio was reporting on the arrest and conviction of a family that had enslaved vulnerable men for decades, forcing them to live in horrendous conditions on their remote farm and coercing them into working for nothing. At that moment, an idea was born. It percolated in my head for years, but I know with certainty that the seeds for one of my books were planted that morning.

Other ideas are more nebulous. One of the themes in Forgive Me Father concerns gambling addiction. I cannot tell you when my long-held, instinctive uneasiness with the general notion of gambling, and the industry that runs it, metamorphosed into something that I felt angry enough to write about. But eventually it did.

So here is my advice:
Questioners: Try and be more specific. Instead of asking “Where do you get your inspiration from?” try “Where did the idea for X come from?”
That sort of closed question helps the author focus their thoughts and answer your question more satisfactorily.

Authors: Prepare some stock responses. If you have some generic answers that you can give eg “All my books are set in rural Ireland, because I grew up there and I know the people and the landscape…” that’s terrific.
If, like me, you would struggle to come up with something like that, then why not just pretend the question was more specific?
“Where do you get your inspiration from?”
“I started my career in research, and so when I came to write The Last Straw, I drew upon my years of working in academia…”
If you are there to promote a specific book, then think about an answer that points back towards that book or perhaps another in the series.

But finally, let me try and answer that question myself.
Ideas can strike anywhere, but as a writer of crime – and police procedurals in particular – there is one good source that has provided many a spark that has eventually grown into an idea.
My partner and I watch a lot of true crime documentaries (perhaps too many…). As I watch them, I occasionally find myself jotting down an idea on my phone. But if you were to then read that one-line thought back, I defy you to work out how the programme I was watching led to it. Because it didn’t, not really. Rather a stray comment or thought led to me thinking, “if that happened, then maybe this could happen. Which surely would mean this is possible and oooh, there’s a thought, what if somebody decided to hide their tracks by using a…”
And so there we have it. An answer that attempts to respond to the question that we all dread. Would it be satisfying or entertaining to an audience? Who knows? I’ll let you be the judge.

So where do you get your inspiration from?
Share your thoughts in the comments or on social media.
All the best,
Paul

Killing off a long-standing character happens regularly in TV soaps. The reasons for the decision can vary from the actor wishing to move on/being sacked for sexual impropriety, the character not engaging viewers, the story arc reaching a natural conclusion or the producers needing an excuse to get their flagging show on the front page of TV Quick.
Most of those reasons don’t apply to novelists, obviously, but there are still good reasons that a writer may decide that it is time to get rid of someone.
There are also reasons why you should think carefully before doing it.

The Pros
It proves that nobody is safe.
One of the best TV dramas of the early 2000s was the BBC’s Spooks. Not only was it full of lots of fun spy stuff and intrigue, they also made a very brave decision that stuck with me.

Spoiler Start – skip the next few lines if you’ve never watched the series!

The publicity for the first season centred largely on two of the main characters, Matthew McFadden’s Tom and Lisa Faulkner’s Helen. In the second episode, Helen is murdered, brutally, never to reappear. The series runners pulled a similar stunt for series eight, with Rupert Penry-Jones doing large amounts of publicity, only for his character to be killed off early in the first episode.
Other series regulars also met grisly ends.

Spoiler End – it’s safe to continue reading!

By killing off series regulars – with no warning – the writers sent a clear message. In Spooks nobody is safe; and when a character is in mortal peril, they might not make it.
If you compare this to James Bond, we all know that ultimately, he will defeat the odds and save the day. His companion for that film might not make it to the end credits, but Bond will. In Spooks we really couldn’t bank on that certainty.

It was incredibly powerful and it stuck with me. I wanted to recreate that feeling of genuine jeopardy in my series. Without giving anything away, there are major characters in the first books that are no longer in the later books. Hopefully, now when I place my creations in mortal danger the reader can’t be sure if they will survive. I also place some of them in dreadful situations that may not be resolved happily.
Not only do I want my readers to have the same response that my beta-reader Cheryl did when editing one of my books – she literally greeted me with “you bastard!” when she got to that part of the book – I also want my readers to find themselves thinking, “Is this all going to end badly? Because he’s shown that he’s a big enough git to do it!”

It’s an opportunity to take the series in a new direction
Killing off a series regular is like throwing a hand grenade into a crowded room. There will always be collateral damage. What will be the emotional impact on everyone left behind? Will that death have unforeseen repercussions, such as other team mates being blamed? Will it cause others to re-evaluate their priorities?

In literature, a number of really big authors have taken what seemed to be a very dangerous gamble and killed off a beloved character, often as a cliff-hanger at the end of the book. In fact one author even placed a hidden page on their website where they explained that yes, they had indeed killed that person and that no, they wouldn’t be coming back.
Another author killed the person that his hero loved most in the world and was the primary motivation for why they did what they did. It felt like a needlessly cruel ending to the series – until I looked online and saw that the next book was due out the following year. There was no way it could be a trick with the character not really dead, the series was continuing without them.
In both of these cases I read the following books with a sense of trepidation, worrying that the author may have screwed up. In both of these cases, the series suddenly became turbo-charged; the fallout lead to the need for something of a reset for everyone and a wealth of new and exciting narrative opportunities.

It stops the series getting stale
In neither of the previously mentioned series did I feel that things were getting stale. Which tells me that the author timed their bombshell just right; with hindsight, I can see that in their current configurations, the series’ set-up might have started to get repetitive, and so I applaud their decision.

You can bring in fresh blood
My series has a number of core and supporting characters that are there in every book. There is the team that work with Warren, and his family. By having characters leave, I am reflecting reality; death, promotion, illness etc. Warren has been in Middlesbury for several years now. It would be peculiar if nobody moved on.
Every change brings opportunities. In Warren’s investigative team, there are roles that will need to be filled. Do I do a straight substitution – character X leaves, to be replaced by character X version 2? Do I instead move an existing character into that role and use it as an opportunity to get to know them better? Do I rejig the whole set-up?
What will new people bring to the ensemble? I have used the opportunity to bring in entirely new types of person, exploring different character traits.

Ambiguity – was the death final or does their shadow hang over the series?
A character’s apparent death, or disablement, doesn’t have to be permanent. With enough foresight, you can write it so that they can return. But this may require planning. Somebody stabbed to death in front of loved ones is more tricky to bring back plausibly than somebody who drowns at sea, with their body never recovered.
And what about that return? Will it be a surprise for characters and reader alike, or will their absence loom over the series? Are they really gone or not?

The Cons:
It can really upset your readers!
Readers become attached to characters, and there might be those that decide that with their favourite gone, there’s no point continuing to read the series.

It can limit your future choices.
You might have just scuppered your chances of writing a brilliant future story that the character was essential for. This is another reason why you need to think carefully before doing it. However, there can be ways around this. Flashbacks with the character, a short story released as a treat for readers, or even a prequel are potential options. Of course another option is to write the story about your character and then include their demise at the end. This is a potential double-whammy, as if the story is central to this person, then your readers will be especially invested when you bump them off at the end.

It may look desperate.
Readers will forgive you if the next book in the series is really good, but killing the character off because you can’t think of what else to do can be dangerous and readers aren’t fools.

Their replacement isn’t sufficiently different.
Think carefully about how you will fill that void. If you just swap them for somebody almost identical, like trading your car every three years when its lease is up, then you may as well just have stuck with the original. Take the time to sketch out this new person fully. See it as an opportunity to bring something new to the series, not just a way of getting you out of a creative hole.

Of course, all of the above can be mitigated somewhat by careful planning.
Killing off a character that you may have lived with for years can be heart-breaking and shouldn’t be done on a whim – but do it right, and it may be one of the best decisions you ever make.

What do you think about killing off characters?

As always, feel free to comment here or on social media.
Until next time,
Paul.

If you were to write a story that truly documented the ins and outs of a murder investigation, it would consist mostly of teams of officers and support personnel staring at computer screens for hours on end, punctuated by team briefings. Interviews are largely conducted by detective constables and sergeants with specialist training, arrests are usually made by uniformed officers, many of the leads followed by the team are generated by the Artificial Intelligence that underpins the HOLMES2 case management system, and decisions about charging a suspect are made by the Crown Prosecution Service. Once the criminal is successfully apprehended and charged, there are months of work still to be done preparing for the upcoming trial.

If you watch one of the excellent fly-on-the-wall documentaries that follow a murder investigation from the emergency call through to trial and conviction or acquittal, one of the most striking things is just how long everything takes. Keep an eye on the timestamps that appear on screen periodically, and even in a relatively straight-forward case, you will see that the gathering of evidence prior to the suspect being charged or released can take months or years. Of course it is entirely possible to write a story that takes place over such a long time span, but if you write an ongoing series like I do, my detective and his team needs to solve a new mystery each book – which means that they need to have gone from murder to charging in the space of a few weeks or months; that way they have time to go through the pre-trial procedure etc (usually after I’ve finished the story), before discovering their next body on page one of the following year’s novel! 

That’s not to denigrate what can be an immensely satisfying and rewarding career. Rather it a realistic description of what the job really entails. The same is true for any profession. TV series such as Educating Essex would have us believe that teachers spend most of their day teaching, and that lessons are non-stop teenage drama.
In reality of course, teachers spend longer planning lessons, marking work, sitting in meetings, taking part in training, writing tests, making new resources, supervising detentions, doing break duty, running extra-curricular activities and swearing at their laptops than actually teaching. And much of that work is done in the hours before or after school, or at home in the evening or weekend.
And most lessons, in my experience, are usually fairly low-key affairs. Sure there are some drama queens who like to disrupt everything (whether or not there is a camera to play up to) and there are fantastic lessons where the kids are dancing around with the teacher like something out of a Hollywood movie.  But typically a well-taught lesson will have most of the kids on-task, most of the time. The atmosphere will be calm, professional and generally friendly and the teacher will be instructing, cajoling and admonishing in varying proportion. But that’s boring telly!

The question is: How can we as writers weave a compelling story that is both realistic AND exciting?
The aforementioned TV documentaries create a sense of pace by clever editing, deciding what to leave in and what to exclude, and how much detail the audience needs to actually see. As writers we can also do the same, and for fiction we have one big advantage that documentary makers don’t – we can also use poetic licence to fudge what might really happen to make our story more enjoyable.

So what should you fudge?
I once saw Lee Child give a talk, and he said that readers will accept one big implausibility (I paraphrase). For him it is that roughly once a year Reacher stumbles into a town that just happens to need an over-muscled stranger to solve a problem for them.

I ask my reader to accept that Warren Jones, a Detective Chief Inspector working in a small CID unit in a fictional market town, chases down suspects and interviews them himself. And that furthermore, he does so in Hertfordshire – a county whose police force merged all of its serious crime units with those from Bedfordshire and Cambridgeshire so they could efficiently operate out of a single large HQ in Welwyn Garden City.

Unfortunately, I had already started writing The Last Straw when I found out about this consolidation, but for narrative purposes, I needed Warren to be part of a small team. He had to have some foot soldiers below him, and a senior officer directly above him and DCI seemed to fit that role. So I made Middlesbury a ‘first response CID unit’ – the location of my fictional town is geographically about as far from Welwyn as it is possible to be without crossing into the adjoining county, so they use local knowledge to deal with crimes on their patch, and call in additional personnel from Welwyn as necessary. The advantage of this fudge, is that Middlesbury CID is constantly under threat of closing; a useful source of narrative tension. I once asked a retired detective what he thought about my compromise and his response, accompanied by a shrug, was ‘sounds like something we’d do.’

As to Warren Jones interviewing suspects – it is very unrealistic that an officer of his rank would do so. As Senior Investigating Officer, he would eventually visit the crime scene but long after it has been secured. He would lead briefings etc, but most of his time would be spent managing the highly-trained specialists that work for him. And he certainly wouldn’t leg it after a serial killer into a darkened forest 🙂 .
I’m certain it is possible to write a compelling story whose protagonist fits that criteria, but that’s not the story I’m interested in telling. I want Warren to be the central character. So, like many of my peers, I break the rules. 

So here are my thoughts and tips.
Know the rules to break the rules
Most readers (and in my experience, coppers) are pretty forgiving. They recognise that strict accuracy may need to be sacrificed to tell a good story. But you need to be careful which rules you bend or break, and which you should stick to.
Day-to-day policing in England and Wales is covered by the Police And Criminal Evidence Act of 1984 (PACE 1984). It is an evolving piece of legislation, so double-check your facts are current for the time-period your story is set. It is a bit dry, but it is a gold-mine. You can easily find it online – in fact Wikipedia has a fairly good summary. The advantage of it is that it covers everything from arrest to charging, securing of evidence and the rules that police officers have to follow regarding searches and warrants etc.
My advice, is that unless rule-breaking is a specific part of the story, follow this legislation. For example a custody or desk sergeant simply will not authorise your hero to detain a suspect without good justification, or to extend the legally-mandated 24 hour custody limits without the correct authorisation.
This may seem arduous, but the good news is that these rules may improve your story – often authors are at their most creative when forced to work their way around a problem.
The same goes for forensics. There are countless books, websites and documentaries that can help you write an authentic forensic scene. Make the effort – readers are forgiving but still discerning. A modern-day UK copper stomping all over a crime scene or using a pen and handkerchief to pick up a vital clue looks embarrassingly naïve these days.
Follow the rules for your jurisdiction
There are some excellent US-based documentaries out there, but they do things differently. It is common for a suspect to be interviewed without a lawyer present, and for the officers to be disappointed when they finally request one. In the UK, suspects are rarely interviewed without a solicitor (not a lawyer – use the correct language). In fact I was once told by a solicitor that he had seen officers shut down an interview and beg a suspect to take advantage of the free duty solicitor- it really is best for all concerned.
If you are writing in the UK, don’t forget that Scotland and Northern Ireland have slightly different rules and systems to England & Wales.

If you need to break a rule – consider meeting critics head on and explaining why.
I explain (in the prose obviously), that Middlesbury is unique and that the approach of Warren’s team is successful enough that they have been allowed to continue operating independently. I also make a point of mentioning at some point that Warren is probably the most senior officer in any force that still interviews – I’ve made it a plot point, with Warren sometimes questioning if he should still do it, junior officers keen to work in his team to observe him, or his peers expressing jealously that they spend all their days in the office. Do whatever sounds plausible.

Watch documentaries, not dramas for accuracy!
Obvious really – if you are taking dramatic liberties, with a TV show that has itself taken liberties, then you are just playing Chinese Whispers.

Final Thought: Within reason, story comes first. If you were to nit pick everything to the nth degree, then some of most highly respected crime writers would fall short. Alas, you can’t please everyone, so do your best and trust your instincts.

I hope this has been helpful. As always, feel free to comment here or on social media.
All the best,
Paul

“You know, not every local business name in your book has to start with ‘Middlesbury’.”
This was a comment made one of my beta readers, as she worked her way through the completed first draft of my next book. As always, she made a very valid point.

So the first question is – why bother making up a company name at all? Why not just have your book populated with familiar high street stores, well-known coffee shops and easily recognisable pub chains?
Well there is certainly a good argument for doing so. If you write fiction set in real locales – or even made-up towns in an otherwise realistic setting – eg a fictitious borough of modern-day London, then sprinkling familiar names throughout the story helps ground the reader and adds to authenticity. If you are writing a story set in a specific time-period, then perhaps the inclusion of a couple of shops that no longer exist may add to the realism. References to Woolworths or BHS (or even British Home Stores if you set the book before its revamp) will help set the scene for a high street from a bygone age. Needless to say, you will need to do your research here.

But using real businesses isn’t always possible.
First, it might not fit the narrative. For example, your character might need to be a small business owner. Imagine a scenario where your character is murdered late at night whilst closing up their coffee shop. You could fudge it and have them as the manager of a franchised Starbucks, for example, but think of all the problems that then causes. What are Starbucks’ procedures for closing at night? What about the security system and CCTV cameras? Would SB keep their shop closed for weeks, allowing your detective to return to a pristine crime scene days later to follow a hunch – or would SB have reopened as soon as they were allowed, probably after redecorating? Get this wrong and you risk some smug barista calling you out on your Amazon review page. Instead, give your character their own independent coffee shop, and within reason, you can do what you want.
Second, there is the thorny issue of Trademarks. As a rule, you can usually get away with using real businesses, as long as you don’t paint them in a bad light. But technically, the holders of a trademark can demand that you don’t use it, and seek damages if you really annoy them.
If you were to write ‘The murder occurred around the corner from WellKnownCoffeeShop’, you are probably not going to be bothered too much. If you write ‘The murder occurred inside WellKnownCoffeeShop, exploiting their well-known lack of security’, then they may well object if they get wind of it. Everything in between is a grey area.
I was once told of an author who had to rewrite a passage in a novel when they mentioned the bouncers on the door of a well-known, highly litigious, US-based burger chain. Said burger bar’s lawyers objected to the use of their trademark, specifically because they didn’t like the implication that their restaurants might not be safe at night. The fact that the author could give examples of actual restaurants where they employ bouncers cut no ice. Remove our name or we sue for trademark infringement. Whether they would win or not is irrelevant, given that authors’ contracts usually have a clause that basically tells them that any litigation of this nature is the author’s responsibility to sort out (and pay for); the publisher isn’t going to risk having their fingers burned. Choose your battles.
Third, you need something really nasty to happen in your book to people associated with the business and you don’t want to tarnish some poor innocent business owner. When I wrote Forgive Me Father, I spent a lot of time coming up with a plausible-sounding religious order from Spain.  I took great care to ensure that there were no actual religious orders with that name, because the last thing I wanted was for some poor bunch of monks minding their own business to be associated with the unpleasantness in my book!

So how does one go about naming a business?
Giving a fictional business a plausible sounding name that isn’t currently in use can be quite difficult. That’s probably because people with marketing expertise and plenty of time on their hands have already spent many hours trying to come up with perfect names, and a lot of the good ones are already taken!
My get-out-of-jail-free card is that my books are set in a fictional town. As far as I can tell, there are no real-world towns called Middlesbury, so there are unlikely to be real-world businesses called ‘Middlesbury Vehicle Rentals’ or ‘Middlesbury Security Solutions’ or the ‘Middlesbury Leisure Centre’. And this is where my beta reader’s observation becomes pertinent. Using the name of the place where the business is situated in the name is quite common – but don’t over use it. And of course it’s probably not really possible in a big city like London, as there would be dozens of businesses using that name.

Needless to say, Google is your friend here. Almost all businesses have an internet presence these days, so you can easily test out potential names. Facebook search can also be used.

So here are a few suggestions:

• Keep it descriptive and combine with locale. eg Middlebury Vehicle Rentals. This is what I often do, but don’t over-use it.
• Name it after a person eg Bob’s diner.
• Name it after a location or landmark. My fictional town has a ruined Abbey, so I sometimes reference this in place names – eg a street call Abbey View Terrace.
• Keep it generic and look up traditional or common names eg Red Lion Pub. This works well for pubs etc but perhaps less well for other business types.
• Look for common patterns when naming businesses. Company names don’t always have to be clever and original. For example, look up nail bars and you’ll find that a lot of them have very similar names, perhaps prepended with the owner’s name. www.yell.com is a great tool for this. Search for your business type, in a broad location and then scroll through for inspiration.
• Ask for suggestions on social media! I recently asked for ideas for a name of a brand of cheap cosmetics; pocket-money friendly, aimed at young teens, the sort they might buy for a couple of quid off the shelf in Claire’s Accessories for example. I got loads of suggestions, which I then mixed and matched until I had something that sounded about right, and which didn’t already come up in a Google search.

Have you got any tips for naming businesses?
Feel free to comment here or on social media.
All the best,
Paul